Washington, DC: University Press of America. \end{array} The information systems department wishes to provide technical support personnel in a ratio of 1 for every 50 users. They are to be performed with the hope, but not guarantee, that the supernatural being who is propitiated will grant forgiveness. Anthropology Anthropology Flashcards 05 2 - 25 cards 102 human origins - 29 cards 124P final - 64 cards 13/14 - 30 cards 2013 McDermott Scholars - 20 cards 207 Final - 136 cards 210 - 15 cards 215 Midterm - 218 cards 234 - 106 cards 2414 Anthro Test 1 - 48 cards 2nd mid term - 23 cards - 13 cards 34 Spleen - 73 cards 3rd Exam - 34 cards Communitas intense feeling of social solidarity. Lacks written scripture and formal creeds A cargo cult is an indigenist millenarian belief system, in which adherents perform rituals which they believe will cause a more technologically advanced society to deliver goods. They are based variously on ideas human social structures, emotions, or cognition. \hline \text { Between Groups } & 1034.51 & 2 & 517.26 & 19.86 & 4.49 \mathrm{E}-07 \\ - Structuralism 1858-d. 1917) is regarded, alongside Max Weber, as a founder of the discipline of sociology. Liminality-limbo between states Anthropology of religion is the study of religion in relation to other social institutions and the comparison of religious beliefs and practices across cultures.. How do anthropologists view religion? Anthropology of Religion Quizzes 1-7 Term 1 / 43 Tylor's definition of religion emphasizes Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 43 a belief in spiritual or "supernatural" beings Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by MegJensen- Terms in this set (43) Tylor's definition of religion emphasizes Often collective. a primal horde has an alpha male, who is killed by the other males in an act of patricide; in reverence to the deceased alpha male the culture "worships" him, leading to monotheism, structural functionalist who theorized that society produces religion because religion supports social systems; did not believe in individualistic religion or naturalistic origin, symbolic interactionalist who defined religion is a system of symbols, defined religion as a system of actions and interactions based upon culturally shared beliefs in sacred supernatural powers, wrote that people who believe in secularization miss the meaning of science; science cannot prove or disprove the superempirical, studied the structuralism of human minds, focusing on myth; believed all cultures share cognitive patterns (for example, binary oppositions), wrote "On Key Symbols" -Emphasizes that rites of passage are trasformative (they mark the transition from one life stage to another) --> He presented three stages 32. Drawing on the work of Arnold van Gennep, Victor Turner developed valuable theories with respect to rites of passage. Can reside in people, animals, plants and objects. . ; 2 What do anthropological archaeologists study? Use nails or hair for example to inflict magic on victim-spreads to the body. Social Evolution of Anthropological Theory Anthropological Theory Why learn theory? + vitality and its transformation Prevents the killing of cattle, a valuable resource, even in times of need. In many cultures, they now may be ready for marriage, and they can no longer freely mix with nonrelated females. -"Rebounding Violence" Calculate the lower of cost or market for the inventory applied separately to each item. Serve an emotional need. The data are given in the following table. They are often preceded by rituals of purification, and their performances are believed to bring power or blessedness. A physical inventory of Liverpool Company taken at December 31 reveals the following. Traditional cultures tend to place far more emphasis on rituals and their powers. Mecam Foods, Inc. has 2,568 computer users. Sate religions with professional priesthoods. &\text { Treatments }\\ Lower order systems are very specific, while higher order systems are more abstract, such as ideas of happiness. Choose from 1,435 different sets of anthropology religion flashcards on Quizlet. Prepare the cash flows from operating activities section of the statement of cash flows using the indirect method. -> rules and values serve a function of controlling behavior. ", theorized a linear evolution of religion, from animism to polytheism to monotheism, wrote "The Golden Bough" A company uses four hours of direct labor to produce a product unit. Early anthropological study of religion was guided by social theory that was informed by evolutionary biology. Indigenous cultures often have shamans who perform rituals as well. Arose with state organizations and marked social stratification. 2. For boys to become men they must endure the bit of the bullet ant. Religion was an expression of social cohesion. In any of the possible two-stock portfolios, the weight of each stock in the portfolio will be 50%. 2. Some animals are venerated because they are feared either as predators or as poisonous. Anthropology Chapter 4: Applying Anthropology, Anthropology Chapter 1: What is anthropology, Anderson's Business Law and the Legal Environment, Comprehensive Volume, David Twomey, Marianne Jennings, Stephanie Greene, Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson. Instead, they serve a symbolic, representational function. Turn to it when they face uncertainty or danger (Malinowski). On a very basic level, rituals are an inherent part of living. Westerners do not usually consider that religion is the basis of morality. "religion in action"--> helps control things we otherwise cant explain. Why is the study of religious beliefs challenging for anthropologists quizlet? 3. It also explores how the evolutionary past of primates and early humans is used and understood by contemporary cultural anthropologists. 3. Groups of people have particular _____. These range from greeting rituals to elaborate and highly complex governmental and national rituals. They also function to promote a sense of unity, in which individuals are inspired to support and promote the communal system of behavior. (hunting vs. working the crops.) As the patient begins to accept the mythic world of the healer and believes an existential shift occurs which allows the patient to change and find new avenues for adaptation. \text{Variable selling and administrative expenses}&&\underline{\hspace{25pt}80,000}\\ 5. + worked with Hindu people; analysis of purity rules (The caste system as a symbolic system), Has put forth the most comprehensive model for the psycho-biological effects of placebos. On a very basic level, rituals are an inherent part of living. 2. Ritual. ", a system of beliefs that act to contain natural selfishness of individuals and to promote social cooperation, making sense of cultural systems by studying meaning, concerned with the relationship between culture and personality and the connection between the society and the individual, refers to things that are not human but have humanlike characteristics and behave in humanlike ways, refers to the idea that people know, or think they know, what is going on in other people's minds, a general term for processes of the human brain that include perception, learning, memory, concept formation, and problem solving, a belief that the nature of the supernatural is unknowable, that it is impossible to prove the nonexistence of the supernatural as it is to prove its existence, the way in which societies perceive and interpret their reality, seen by members of the culture as representing events that have actually taken place, although some embellishment often occurs, stories recounted as having really happened, primarily on the Internet or in tabloids, sacred stories that tell the origin of the world and humankind, the existence and activities of gods and spirits, the creation of order in the universe, and the nature of illness and death, explains a culture's view of the proper organization of human relationships, inborn elements of the unconscious that are manifested in dreams and myths, the catastrophic destruction of the world, stories involving heroes throughout the world, the same basic story line followed by all hero myths: "A hero ventures forth from the world of common day into a region of supernatural wonder: fabulous forces are there encountered and a decisive victory is won: the hero comes back from this mysterious adventure with the power to bestow boons on his fellow man. General term encompassing curers (witch doctors), mediums, spiritualists, astrologers, palm readers, and other diviners. A kind of religion. T/F: According to your text, all religious traditions explicitly distinguish between natural and supernatural planes of existence. Through their focus on practice and learning they bring the anthropology of religion into conversation with questions of ethics and moral philosophy. In these cultures, shamans are called upon for special and individualized rituals, such as performing exorcisms, curing illnesses, warding off curses, and mediating with the world or spirits and ancestors. &\begin{array}{rrrrr} Their functions and significances are generally personal, social, symbolic, and not necessarily mandatory. Christianity originated as a ____ ____, Jesus was one of several prophets. What makes the anthropological study of religion different from other approaches? - Scientific model of the planet as a single 'organic' system, seen as analogous to a human body rather than as a series of atomized, unrelated elements, dim lit room -> soft music ->sit in chair with senior mediums in the room -> bow an close eyes-> mediums reach out but do not touch you, and move their hands over you-> realigns your spiritual balance, Describe Roy Rappaport's concepts of higher and lower order cosmologies. 1. a parallel ethereal realm which mirrors the physical world -> exchanges are made in order to maintain fertility and cycles of existence, - Kogi are decedents of this people an approach to anthropology studying human societies as systematic sums of their parts, as integrated wholes, the study of people who are known only from their physical and cultural remains, the study of contemporary human societies, the technique of study involving living within the community and participating to a degree in the lives of the people under study, while at the same time making objective observations, characteristics that are found in all human societies, discussing groups in the present tense as they were first described by ethnographers, a geographical area in which societies tend to share many cultural traits, peoples who plow, fertilize, and irrigate their crops, peoples who garden in the absence of fertilization, irrigation, and other advanced technologies, peoples without any form of plant or animal domestication, peoples whose primary livelihood comes from the herding of domesticated animals, a technique used to reveal things that are difficult or impossible to discover by other means, attempting to see the world through the eyes of the people being studied, using one's own society as the basis for interpreting and judging other societies, attempting to describe and understand people's customs and ideas without judging them, a complex whole, which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society, shared understandings about the meaning of certain words, attributes, or objects, such as the color red symbolizing *stop* in traffic signals, a definition in which one defines terms so that they are observable and measurable and therefore can be studied, a definition that focuses on the way a topic manifests itself or is expressed in a culture, a definition that focuses on what a topic does either socially or psychologically, a definition that looks at what is the essential nature of a topic, referring to things that are "above the natural", denotes an attitude wherein the subject is entitled to reverence and respect, a belief in spirit beings (gods, souls, ghosts, demons, etc. He was interested in a hierarchy of values. It focused on the functions of culture traits and practices in maintaining a stable order in society. Can't be killed according to the Ahimsa. Another example of a rite of passage ritual is initiation, or ordination, into a renunciant religious order as a monk or a nun. They can be seen in many forms of animal life, from ants to humans. Some cultures tend to be outer orientated (outside the domestic sphere) , while others were inner oriented (inside the domestic sphere). The ritual marks the passage from child to adult male, each subgroup having its customs and expectations. Our courses and research also address the questions of discipline, virtue, and emotion. Moreover, it is believed in many cultural traditions that if one undertakes vows in conjunction with rituals, the latter will be more effective. -She eventually became aware that being an ethnographer meant studying the self as well as the other. \end{aligned} Make the calculations necessary to set up the analysis of variance table. Religion and social life are inseparable, there is no clear division between the 'sacred' and 'profane', List three characteristics of World religions, 1. 1. \text{Payment of interest} &19,000 & \text{Increase in current assets}\\ Are revitalization movements. On the spiritual level, they serve as vehicles, in one manner or another, to draw beneficiaries closer to the divine, to enhance communication with spirit beings, to provide access to supernatural powers, or to facilitate ones path to salvation or enlightenment. Are rituals trans formative? Not "imaginary". A periodic ritual is one that is undertaken at regular intervals, such as daily, weekly, monthly, annually, and so forth. The participants display total submission to the group or authority. 2. Used to describe religion. Essential to Indian cultural adaptation. Communitas describes the unstructured, egalitarian, human relatedness. the study of human biology and evolution. Beginnings in ritual studies. A good example of the difference can be seen in the communion bread and wine preparatory rituals in Christian churches. - Worked in the Andaman Islands -> they had little contact with the outside world Separate from larger religion from which they arose because it is "corrupt". Term comes from mount Olympus-home of the Greek gods. Placed a premium on hard work and profit. He asks volunteers from his third-period class to report the number of nightmares they had last week. Proposed religion evolved from animism-polytheism-monotheism. Who is the scholar most associated with this approach to the study of myth, The central characters of myths tend to include heroes and tricksters. + sexually egalitarian, Thought of ritual as a performance planned or improvised that effects the transformation life to an alternative context within which the everyday is transformed Dancing, singing or chanting, music, and the various forms of visual art all have religious origins and continue to be integral to most religious traditions. Myth is defined by anthropologists in ways that distinguish it from both legend and folktale. He asks volunteers from his second-period class to report how many dreams they had last week. Such rituals can be either communal or individual and can be performed by the beneficiary or by an officiant. Satere Mawe right of passage. Success depends upon: belief in a common mythic world, faith in healer, choice of appropriate transaction symbols, and skill of the healer, Spirit medium, whom Dr. Fritz communicates through; 4th grade education, List three reasons Spiritism took hold and flourished in Brazil, 1. ), a concept constructed by the human mind that includes a particular set of human beliefs and practices, centered on the questions of when and how religion began, the concept of a simpler, more basic, and more ancient supernatural force, the view of religion as a human construction, more specifically as a construction of those in power, asking questions such as "What does religion do?" The body is a complex system, and the functions of its various parts can be a source for symbols for other complex processes in society. They are given special privileges as well as special restrictions. Ultimately, however, rituals serve as vehicles to create or enhance the proximity of the rituals beneficiaries to the realm of the divine, to influence the divine or supernatural, or to facilitate the attainment of power associated with the spirit being who is propitiated. Thought religion came from people trying to understand conditions and events the could not explain. For example, the college experience is a big liminal state that encourages communitas. Early 19th century. Linked to capitalism- more ascetic, entrepreneurial and future oriented. According to Durkheim, an emphasis on the supernatural should not be considered a required component of religion. Use manure to fertilize their fields. totem. - Durkheim's most influential student, also a pioneer in the pursuit of origins, or grand evolutionary schemes. "Theories are analytical tools for understanding, explaining, and making predictions about a given subject matter" (1). 3. If a stock investment with insignificant influence costs $10,000 and is sold for$12,000, how should the difference between these two amounts be recorded? theorized a linear evolution of religion, from magic to religion to science, adopted by Tylor and Frazer; theorizes that religion originates in an attempt to rationally explain the world but ultimately gives way to science, theorized that the natural beauty of the world inspires religion T/F: Many anthropologists have argued that there is a relationship between the emergence of monotheism and the increasing social and political complexity of certain pre-historic societies. The in between phase of a passage rite. Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 86 The quest for justice Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by lizard2025 Terms in this set (86) What is the primary ethical duty of Khalsa Sikhs? 1. The ritual is preceded by purification rites over the site and the objects used in creating the mandala. 3. Many of the various types of rituals that can be found in cultures and traditions throughout the world share common themes, patterns, and purpose. -An ecofeminism and witch -> interest in the Goddess, ecology, and the women's movement go hand in hand, -Argued that a defining characteristic of human societies is that they are engaged in a process of generating and sustaining systems of meaning that enable them to transcend the most basic, natural limits of existence. The founder of the anthropology of religion. Day of treatment: no smoking or drinking, eat well, drink only filtered water, bath in rock-salt or white rose petals, bring a white rose with you, List three reasons why women have been described as a "muted group" in anthropological studies, 1. & 2 & 12 & 6 & 5 \\ 5. More science=less animism. the study of humanity. Proposed religion evolved from animism-polytheism-monotheism. Men are engaged in communitas to learn new things. Englishman 1871-1958. Because of the diverse subject matter it encompasses, anthropology has become, especially since the middle of the 20th century, a collection of . Thinking through rituals: Philosophical perspectives. The dismantling of the mandala and dispersion of the sand reflects the Buddhist view of impermanence. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a myth? "Aluna" is a parallel ethereal realm which mirrors the physical world -> exchanges are made in order to maintain fertility and cycles of existence, - concept of "communitas" to describe the unstructured, egalitarian, human relatedness At the end of the ritual process, the participants emerge with a new identity. Also has priesthood and notions of divine power, views the supernatural differently- are manifestations of, or are under the control of a single eternal, omniscient, omnipotent, and omnipresent supreme being. It is universal, or has universal potential 4. When natives have contact with industrial societies but lack wealth, tech and living standards. holistic perspective. ), Rites of passage are particular life-transition rituals that involve phases of separation from society and the expected behavior of the social role that one is leaving behind, a liminal or "in-between" time where initiation into the new phase of life occurs, and a time of reintegration into society when the new role is celebrated. Why is depreciation added back to cash flow? Seen in chiefdoms and archaic states. These typically include physical cleansing of participants, ritual items, and ritual sites. Animals figure in religious belief and practice in various ways, including all but which of the following? \hline \text { Total } & 2336.92 & 52 & & & \\ There is a communal atmosphere and a common experience. Religion belief and ritual concern with supernatural beings, powers and forces. It essentially removes them from their families and from the society around them. Once completed, it is followed by more rituals, and they conclude by sweeping up all the colored sand into an urn. \text{Manufacturing margin}&&\$\hspace{5pt}1,570,000\\ syncretism. Explain. Anthropology of Religion Inquiring into the relationship between the divine, sacred, and the social order, and attendant beliefs, movements, and institutions are some of the oldest questions in Anthropology and continue to be some of the most relevant to the modern world. (Ed.). Bodies and possessions of Melanesian chiefs were _____. Thus crossing oneself in a Catholic Mass would be a ritualized behavior but shaking hands would not. A glove is woven and interlaced with ants. They are generally referred to in English as priests, and their primary function is to oversee both mediated and public rituals. +Theory of binary oppositions (biological basis) Secular rituals are, for the most part, representational in that they are not believed to cause any fundamental alteration of the participants. It often forms a separate sphere of activity Robert Hertz If an action is risky, and the outcome uncertain (but important to the group or individual) then there will be greater use of ritual associated with it. List three characteristics of World religions 1. In a personal ritual, the beneficiary is generally the person who performs it. "voodoo dolls". Movements aimed at altering or revitalizing society. A religious system that assigns different plant and animal species to specific social groups and postulates a relationship between the group and the species formed during the period of creation. \hspace{10pt}\text{Less ending inventory (80,000 units x \$14 per unit)}&\underline{\hspace{10pt}1,120,000}\\ Sales(420,000units)Variablecostofgoodssold:Variablecostofgoodsmanufactured(500,000unitsx$14perunit)Lessendinginventory(80,000unitsx$14perunit)VariablecostofgoodssoldManufacturingmarginVariablesellingandadministrativeexpensesContributionmarginFixedcosts:FixedmanufacturingcostsFixedsellingandadministrativeexpensesIncomefromoperations$7,000,0001,120,000$160,00075,000$7,450,0005,880,000$1,570,00080,000$1,490,000235,000$1,255,000. According to your chapter, the most likely period in which religion came to be important for prehistoric peoples was the, According to your chapter, the general term for how magic and religion help foster social solidarity while also helping people cope with anxiety about natural phenomena over which they have no control is, Naskapi hunting divination is an example of, The anthropologist most associated with cultural materialist explanations of seemingly mal-adaptive ecological practices is, Which of the following is the best ecological explanation of "pig love" and "pig hate", Pigs are unsuited to the very dry climate of the Middle East, T/F: According to your text, religious beliefs and practices always promote sound environmental practices, The leading theorist associated with the concept that religious symbols transcend cultural and historical concepts was. In the process, not only is the place or thing blessed, but the objects used in the ritual may then be seen as similarly sanctified. \begin{array}{lrlr} More typical of farming societies. Puberty rituals are typical of rites of passage and are an important part of many cultures process of adult identity formation. inspiration leads to myths that lead to religion, theorized that desires and fantasies lead to religion, theorized that needs lead to a search for meaning that leads to religion, theorized that familiar relations lead to religion A ritual that is performed on a regular basis as part of a religious calendar. In the anthropology of religion, the primary use of anthropomorphism is to embody the supernatural in human form. Supernatural. Monogamy, the union between two individuals, is the most common form of marriage. ; 7 Which anthropologist argued that religious beliefs are . + Universal structures of human thought and social life TreatmentsBlocks12345A101218208B9615187C8514188. Theories help to direct our thinking and provide a common framework from which people can work. Religion mainly found in foraging societies, particularly found in the northern latitudes (Inuit and Siberian). Diminished role of priests, salvation is directly available to individuals. Anthropological theories of religion are diverse. Intense feeling of social solidarity, equality and togetherness. -> take a passe everyday three days before treatment At the 5% significance level, can we conclude that average mpg differs between the hybrids? holism. She is able to obtain forecasted returns for the three securities for the years 2015 through 2021. A teacher wants to know if nightmares are more common than dreams. It is simple, elegant and well supported through time. + Separation -> Transition -> Reintegration. Males are often expected to take more responsibility for the support and protection of their families. generalized to other religious traditions with a strong scriptural component, mainly Judaism and Islam, a reaction to the increasing separation of religion from other domains of life, refers to the practice of justifying beliefs and actions by reference to the religious text, the idea that important religious texts are relevant to life today, public acts of destruction, committed without a clear military objective that arouse a widespread sense of fear, Anthropology Religion, Magic and Witchcraft, CH5 - The Origins of Shamanism and the Flower, Variablecostofgoodsmanufactured(500,000unitsx$14perunit), Lessendinginventory(80,000unitsx$14perunit), Variablesellingandadministrativeexpenses, Fixedsellingandadministrativeexpenses, Calculus for Business, Economics, Life Sciences and Social Sciences, Karl E. Byleen, Michael R. Ziegler, Michae Ziegler, Raymond A. Barnett, Information Technology Project Management: Providing Measurable Organizational Value, Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management. myths almost always start with the phrase " once upon a time". Example: Witchcraft accusations- works to reduce differences in wealth. 2. Most people who do personal rituals do so as part of a regular adherence to religious beliefs. \text{Collection of dividend revenue} & 6,900 & \text{Increase in current liabilities} & 15,000\\ An example of the latter is a ritual of healing, in which a shaman reenacts a past event when a healing occurred or imitates the behavior of a particular spirit whose function it is to dispel disease or disease-causing agents. Anthropology of Religion: Magic and Religion Magic and Religion Most cultures of the world have religious beliefs that supernatural powers can be compelled, or at least influenced, to act in certain ways for good or evil purposes by using ritual formulas. Rituals embody the religious tradition of which they are a part. Curing is often accomplished by restructuring a disorder in a mythic world As an example, Tibetan Buddhist monks ritually create elaborate mandalas, or sacred designs, using colored sand. Examples include daily meditation, prayers before meals, Sunday mass, or full moon services. Practice Quiz for Overview of Anthropology No. These categories are useful in application to ritual roles and functions as well. Address how such orientations are normally determined. Rituals called rites of passage mark ones transition through the various stages in life, from as early as conception throughout life until death, and even afterwards. Sanday wanted a general theory on the inequality of the sexes. T/F: Ritual can be thought of as patterned and formal behavior that communicates some kind of meaning. The ritual is typically performed to bring healing to the earth. Use examples. Likewise, females become of marriage age after puberty, must now dress differently, can no longer play with their friends in the same way, must avoid all but necessary contact with nonrelated males, and so on. You have been asked to provide an approximation of the real interest rate considering following situation: the real risk-free rate of interest is 4.8% and the expected rate of inflation is constant at 3.1%. emphasized summarizing symbols, which represent complex sets of ideas, and elaborating metaphors, including root metaphors and key scenarios, ritual involving the manipulation of religious symbols such as prayers, offerings, and readings of sacred literature, rituals that are required to be performed, rituals that arise spontaneously, frequently in times of crisis, rituals performed on a regular basis as part of a religious calendar, rituals performed when a particular need arises, such as a marriage or a death, rituals that attempt to influence or control nature, hunting and gathering rites of intensification, rituals that influence nature in the quest for food, rituals designed to protect the safety of people engaged in dangerous activities, rituals that seek information about the unknown, healing rituals; rituals that deal with illness, accident, and death, rituals that bring about illness, accident, or death, rituals that serve to maintain the normal functioning of a community, rituals that delineate codes of proper behavior and articulate the community's worldview, rituals that accompany changes in an individual's status in society, rituals that focus on the elimination of alien customs and a return to a native way of life, gifts or even bribes, or economic exchange designed to influence the supernatural, the anthropological study of medicinal plants, each position in a series of positions, each one defined in terms of appropriate behavior, rights and obligations, and relationships to one another, the relative placement of each position in the society, a ceremony whereby a male child becomes a member of the Jewish community, the first phase of a rite of passage, in which the individual is removed from his or her former status, the second step in a rite of passage, during which several activities take place that bring about the change in status, the final phase in a rite of passage, during which the individual reenters normal society, though in a new social relationship, the state of ambiguous marginality during which the metamorphisis takes place during a rite of passage, a state in which there is a sense of equality, but the mere fact that a group of individuals is moving through the process together brings about a sense of community and camaraderie, in many traditional societies, the boys who are initiated together and form very close bonds, a specific status defined by age, such as warrior or elder, the removal of the labia minora along with the clitoris, the removal of the entire clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora and the sewing together of the remnants of the labia majora, leaving a small opening for urination and the passing of menstrual blood, an impersonal supernatural force that is found concentrated in special places in the landscape, in particular objects, and in certain people, a characteristic of most symbols: no direct connection with the thing they refer to, the ability to use symbols to refer to things and activities that are remote from the user, the feature of symbols allowing one to create a new symbol, such as a name, to refer to a new object, has a positive meaning such as prosperity and good luck, but most Americans and Europeans looking at it experience anger or dread, any five-sided figure, but generally used to refer to a five-pointed star, the symbol most clearly associated with Christianity, a word that is derived from the first letter of a series of words, a pipe through which a spirit moves from a tomb into a temple sanctuary during rituals, a religious system focusing on expressions of sacred time and space, the fusion of elements from two different cultures, instruments that are struck, shaken, or rubbed, instruments that incorporate a taut membrane or skin, instruments with taut strings that can be plucked or strummed, hit, or sawed, instruments where air is blown across or into some type of passageway, such as a pipe, the manipulation of supernatural power as a direct means of achieving an end, magic depends on the apparent association or agreement between things, things that were once in contact continue to be connected after the connection is severed, assumes there is a causal relationship between things that appear to be similar, based on the premise that things that were once in contact always maintain a connection, the practice of making an image to represent a living person or animal, which can then be killed or injured through doing things to the image, such as sticking pins into the image or burning it, fertility rituals that function to facilitate the successful reproduction of a totem animal, the belief that signs telling of a plant's medical use are somehow embedded within the structure and nature of the plant itself, an oral text that is transmitted without change; the slightest deviation from its traditional form would invalidate the magic, an object in which supernatural power resides, antisocial magic, used to interfere with the economic activities of others and to bring about illness and even death, a perceived revival of pre-Christian religious practices, techniques for obtaining information about things unknown, including events that will occur in the future, involves some type of spiritual experience such as a direct contact with a supernatural being through an altered state of consciousness, usually possession, more magical ways of doing divination, including the reading of natural events as well as the manipulation of oracular devices, refers to a specific device that is used for divination and can refer to inspiration or noninspirational forms, divination that happens without any conscious effort on the part of the individual, divination that someone sets out to do, such as reading tarot cards or examining the liver of a sacrificed animal, refers to divination through contact with the dead or ancestors, fortuitous happenings, or conditions that provide information, reading the path and form of a flight of birds, refers to chance meeting with an animal, such as a black cat crossing one's path, the examination of the entrails of sacrificed animals, the placing of bones in a fire and reading the patterns of burns and cracks to determine a response, the use of flour (as in fortune cookies) for divination, using a forked stick to locate water underground, the reading of the lines of the palm of the hand, the study of the shape and structure of the head, either fortuitous or deliberate, an altered state of consciousness in which a supernatural being (be it an ancestor, a ghost, a spirit, or a god) communicates through an individual, fortuitous in that the prophet receives information through a vision unexpectedly, without any necessary overt action on the part of the individual, the possession of a medium by a spirit who then speaks through the medium, people who undergo deliberate possession involving an overt action whereby the individual falls into a trance, painful and often life-threatening tests that a person who is suspected of guilt may be forced to undergo, such as dipping a hand into hot oil, swallowing poison, or having a red-hot knife blade pressed against some part of the body, the assumption of a causal relationship between celestial phenomenal and terrestrial ones and the influence that the stars and planets have on the lives of human beings, relatively simple forms of magical thinking that represent simple behaviors that directly bring about a simple result, such as carrying a good luck charm, receives his or her power directly from the spirit world; acquires status and abilities, such as healing, through personal communication with the supernatural during shamanic trances or altered states of consciousness, a central vertical axis that links the middle zone, the upper world, and the lower world; allows the movement of the shaman between the realm of the natural and supernatural, a technique of body movements, or magical passes, aiming to increase awareness of the energy fields that humans are made of, "the near universal methods of shamanism without a specific cultural perspective", focused on an individual, as opposed to the community, often as a self-help means of improving one's life; choose to participate and focus on what they consider the positive aspects of shamanism, as opposed to the traditionally recognized "dark side of shamanism", full-time religious specialists associated with formalized religious institutions that may be linked with kinship groups, communities, or larger political units; given religious authority by those units or by formal religious organizations, participate in activities similar to those of U.S. medical practitioners; may set bones, treat sprains with cold, or administer drugs made from native plants and other materials, specialists in the use of plant and other material as cures; may prescribe the materials to be administered or may provide the material as prescribed by a healer or diviner, someone who practices divination, a series of techniques and activities that are used to obtain information about things that are not normally knowable, a mouthpiece of the gods; communicates the words and will of the gods to his or her community and to act as an intermediary between the gods and the people, refers to individuals who have an innate ability to do evil, not depending on ritual to achieve his or her evil ends but simply willing misfortune to occur, a belief in the gratification of one's desires, a new awareness of something that exists in the environment, occurs when a person, using the technology at hand, comes up with a solution to a particular problem, the apparent movement of cultural traits from one society to another, the process of inventing a new trait through the receiving of an idea of one culture from another, the rapid change experienced by a subordinate culture as traits from a dominant culture are accepted, often at a rate that is too rapid to properly integrate the traits of the dominant culture into the subordinate culture, when the dominated society has changed so much that is has ceased to have its own distinct identity, a fusing of traits from two cultures to form something new and yet, at the same time, permit the retention of the old by subsuming the old into a new form, the dispersion of a people from their homeland, a religious or secular movement to bring about a change in society, manifesting as a result of a reaction to assimilation, develop in societies in which the cultural gap between the dominant and subordinate cultures is vast; these movements stress the elimination of the dominant culture and a return to the past, keeping the desirable elements of the dominant culture to which the society has been exposed, but with these elements now under the control of the subordinate culture, attempt to revive what is often perceived as a past golden age in which ancient customs come to symbolize the noble features and legitimacy of the repressed culture, based on a vision of change through an apocalyptic transformation, believe that a divine savior in human form will bring about the solution to the problems that exist within the society, a belief system among members of a relatively undeveloped society in which adherents practice superstitious rituals hoping to bring modern goods supplied by a more technologically advanced society, a grammatically simplified means of communication that develops between two or more groups that do not have a language in common, refers to the deteriorating quality of decisions made by an individual after a long session of decision making.
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