These structures can serve several functions, depending on the specific joint. b. b. A large submuscular bursa, the trochanteric bursa, is found at the lateral hip, between the greater trochanter of the femur and the overlying gluteus maximus muscle. Bursitis is the inflammation of a bursa near a joint. Ligaments are classified as extrinsic ligaments if they are located outside of the articular capsule, intrinsic ligaments if they are fused to the wall of the articular capsule, or intracapsular ligaments if they are located inside the articular capsule. As the disease progresses, the articular cartilage is severely damaged or destroyed, resulting in joint deformation, loss of movement, and severe disability. Which statement is NOT true of osteons (haverian systems)? They allow electrical impulses to travel deep into the cell a. rheumatoid arthritis Which disorder would usually result in a normal alveolar PaO2PaO_2PaO2 but a decreased arterial PaO2PaO_2PaO2? b. retraction So this is the only joint with space. D elastic connective tissue, In the embryo, the bones of the arms and legs are first made of: a. Pivot b. These strengthen and support the joint by anchoring the bones together and preventing their separation. Answer the following question to test your understanding of the preceding section: A slightly movable joint is a (an) a. synarthrosis. c. It contains hydrochloric acid. 97) An example of an interosseous fibrous joint is ________. a. the triceps brachii is the prime mover, and the brachialis is the synergist Bursae reduce friction by separating the adjacent structures, preventing them from rubbing directly against each other. In contrast, the deep socket of the acetabulum and the strong supporting ligaments of the hip joint serve to constrain movements of the femur, reflecting the need for stability and weight-bearing ability at the hip. c. form the synovial membrane. d. uniaxial joint; permits only slipping or gliding movements, c. multiaxial movement; movement in all three planes and around all three axes, Which of the following is a feature of synovial joints? In these joints, the contiguous bony surfaces are covered with articular cartilage and connected by ligaments lined by synovial membrane. c. Ligaments surround the glenohumeral joint on all sides and strengthen the joint. Allows only very limited movement b. a. bone ends covered with fibrocartilage Moving a bone or limb away from the midline of the body is known as ____________________. D occipital, Which bone does NOT help form the orbit? The angle between bones is increased c. Incomplete tetanus B & & & \\ The angle between bones is decreased Which type of synovial joint allows for the widest range of motion? B compact bone in the diaphysis of a long bone b. fibril Kicking a ball is an example of knee ____. D protein, vitamin C, and calcium, The hormones that regulate the amount of calcium in the bones and the blood are: True or False: Bending of the tip of the finger exhibits flexion. B cartilage 97) ___D___ A) the clavicle and the scapula at the distal ends B) between the humerus and the glenoid . c. interphalangeal (toes) B growth hormone increases mitosis b. carpometacarpal joint of the thumb b. less mobile than arm joints. c. pivot, hinge, and ball and socket A synovial joint is characterised by the presence of a fluid-filled joint cavity contained within a fibrous capsule. b. B zygomatic Examples include the subacromial bursa that protects the tendon of shoulder muscle as it passes under the acromion of the scapula, and the suprapatellar bursa that separates the tendon of the large anterior thigh muscle from the distal femur just above the knee. c. Type sof tendons b. synchondrosis The hip joint and the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint are the only ball-and-socket joints of the body. (a) Fill in this table to follow the states of the gas: T(K)P(kPa)V(cm3)A293100500BC1023D\begin{array}{lccc} A center of the diaphysis b. the muscle twitch is a brief and "jerky movement", while the tetanic contraction is prolonged and continuous C mandible and temporal bone However, not all of these movements are available to every plane joint due to limitations placed on it by ligaments or neighboring bones. a. joint (articular) cavity D insulin increases protein synthesis and mitosis, Which pair of bones directly helps to protect the brain? D symphysis, Which of the following is NOT an example of a suture joint? b. pivot The replacement head for the femur consists of a rounded ball attached to the end of a shaft that is inserted inside the diaphysis of the femur. Synovial Joints: Synovial joints are joints in the body that are freely movable and classified as diarthrotic. D all RBCs are produced by red bone marrow, The fontanels in an infant's skull are made of: Performance Lab Flex is another quality joint pain supplement that relieves things like arthritis and inflammation issues. All synovial joints are freely movable. c. Lyme disease Joint movement then results in pain and inflammation. d. tendon sheath. C parathyroid hormone B calcium and phosphorus gomphosis Sutures bony edges interlocked by short fibers Syndesmoses bones connected exclusively by ligaments Gomphoses "peg-in-socket" fibrous joints Synchondroses bones united by a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage Symphyses bones united mainly by fibrocartilage a. c. tibial collateral ligaments Outside of their articulating surfaces, the bones are connected together by ligaments, which are strong bands of fibrous connective tissue. Here, the upward projecting dens of the axis articulates with the inner aspect of the atlas, where it is held in place by a ligament. This creates a situation in which the cartilage and fibrous capsule can move and stretch. \end{array} B between the articular cartilages b. There is no cure for osteoarthritis, but several treatments can help alleviate the pain. b. Connective tissue that covers each muscle fiber C & 1023 & & \\ a. b. They turn a bone along its own long axis. a. d. the "cocked" position of the heads of the thick filaments, A muscle twitch differs from a tetanic cpntraction in that: Usually these accumulate within joints, causing joint pain. The anular ligament surrounds the head of the radius. d. Gliding movements allow flexibility of the upper limbs. Identify a saddle joint of the skeleton. Model the working fluid as an ideal gas with =1.40\gamma=1.40=1.40. c. Bursae are only found in synovial joints, while tendon sheaths are only found in fibrous joints. c. extensor Explain and give an example of a negative feedback loop for the regulation of hormone secretion. B both are ball-and-socket joints This fluid also provides nourishment to the articular cartilage, which does not contain blood vessels. The fibula is connected by ligaments to the femur. A suture is united by a layer of fibrous tissue. Subcutaneous bursae are found under the skin. Joint replacement is a very invasive procedure, so other treatments are always tried before surgery. This fluid-filled space is the site at which the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. C fibrous connective tissue True B. Nodding your head as in yes is an example of neck ____. With no known cure, treatments are aimed at alleviating symptoms. The articulating surfaces of the bones at a synovial joint are not bound to each other by connective tissue or cartilage, which allows the bones to move freely against each other. For example, in hip arthroplasty, the worn or damaged parts of the hip joint, including the head and neck of the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis, are removed and replaced with artificial joint components. a. pivot A calcitonin contributes to the maintenance of a strong bone matrix D. The spongy bone of flat and irregular bones contains: A osteons to produce new bone. Describe the characteristic structures found at all synovial joints. b. lateral rotation of an extended knee Both plane and ball-and-sockets joints are classified functionally as multiaxial joints. A) The greater tubercle of the humerus articulates at the coracoid process of the scapula. In individuals with more advanced osteoarthritis, the affected joints can become more painful and therefore are difficult to use effectively, resulting in increased immobility. A) the intima has the richest blood supply B) villi or folds of synovial membrane are often found projecting into the joint space C) there are variable numbers of adipocytes in the subintima D) the fibrous layer is well innervated E) thicker This problem has been solved! Which of the following is NOT true of synovial joints? Which of the following joints would be . D mouth, Which statement is NOT true of the paranasal sinuses? B Synovial joints are enclosed by a capsule. Is the scapulothoracic joint a true joint? d. It is called nonstriated because it does not appear striped when examined under a microscope, What is the delicate connective tissue that covers each muscle fiber? Chronic bursitis may require that fluid be drained, but additional surgery is usually not required. Synovial joints are freely movable and allow for motion at the location where bones meet. D both A and B, and by increasing calcium absorption, Which statement is NOT true of hormones and bone growth? a. fibrous D PTH, Which of these bones does NOT directly help protect the brain? Moving your head in the direction to say no is an example of head ____. Write an equation for the reaction of each antacid with hydrochloric acid. A. medial joint B. tibiofemoral joint C. femoropatellar joint D. lateral joint E . C PTH increases the absorption of calcium by the small intestine d. complete tetanus, How do the muscles of a sprinter running the 400-yard dash in 50 seconds receive most of their energy? Knee joint (Articulatio genu) The knee joint is a synovial joint that connects three bones; the femur, tibia and patella. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 223; Tbl. Saddle joints are functionally classified as biaxial joints. d. hinge joint, Which of the following is NOT a distinguishing feature of a synovial joint? Note: The thermodynamic cycle involves four piston strokes. Bursitis is most commonly associated with the bursae found at or near the shoulder, hip, knee, or elbow joints. At the beginning of the adiabatic expansion, the temperature is TC=750CT_{C}=750^{\circ} \mathrm{C}TC=750C. A synarthrosis, which is an immobile joint, serves to strongly connect bones thus protecting internal organs such as the heart or brain. Most joints are synovial joints, such as knees and knuckles. Usually only one or a few joints are affected, such as the big toe, knee, or ankle. (d) all of these. Condyloid joints are found where the shallow depression of one bone receives a rounded bony area formed by one or two bones. d. hyaline cartilage. b. hyperextension In the hip region, trochanteric bursitis can occur in the bursa that overlies the greater trochanter of the femur, just below the lateral side of the hip. c. act as friction-reducing structures d. attach to each other in their midportions, The ligaments that protect the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles and limit the movement of the femur anteriorly and posteriorly are called ________. Tendon sheaths contain a lubricating fluid and surround tendons to allow for smooth movement of the tendon as it crosses a joint. b. attach tendons B hearing The Cardiovascular System: The Heart, Chapter 20. Autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, or systemic lupus erythematosus, produce arthritis because the immune system of the body attacks the body joints. d. An impluse tiggers the release of acetylcholine (ACh). B frontal D radius and ulna, The part of a synovial joint that encloses the joint in a strong sheath is the: A joint united by fibrocartilage tissue that usually permits a slight degree of movement is a ________. In the classification of joints, which of the following is true? d. Fascia, Which term is the smallest subdivision in this group? Muscle cells All synovial joints are freely movable. a. inversion and eversion These joints allow for gliding movements, and so the joints are sometimes referred to as gliding joints. The most common cause of hip disability is osteoarthritis, a chronic disease in which the articular cartilage of the joint wears away, resulting in severe hip pain and stiffness. True B. Flex Relief XL. a. the muscle twitch only occurs in small muscles, while tetanic contraction is large muscle groups C joint capsule a. adduction Watch this video to see an animation of synovial joints in action. This fluid-filled space is the site at which the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. c. Hip c. fruiting body. b) Bursae improve the fit between two ; True or False: Articular cartilage at any synovial joint is a cartilaginous joint. Transcribed image text: Complete the following statements regarding synovial joints. The Cellular Level of Organization, Chapter 4. B it lines a bone These prevent rubbing of the muscle during movements. A synovial joint is also known as diarthrosis. A subcutaneous bursa is located between the skin and an underlying bone. A. a. Bursae are flattened fibrous sacs wedged between adjacent structures, while tendon sheaths are elongated fibrous sacs that wrap around tendons. a. twitch Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. The different types of synovial joints are the ball-and-socket joint (shoulder joint), hinge joint (knee), pivot joint (atlantoaxial joint, between C1 and C2 vertebrae of the neck), condyloid joint (radiocarpal joint of the wrist), saddle joint (first carpometacarpal joint, between the trapezium carpal bone and the first metacarpal bone, at the base of the thumb), and plane joint (facet joints of vertebral column, between superior and inferior articular processes). c. Muscles obtain their energy through aerobic respiration of glucose; this is useful because it produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration c. arms c. ankle; hinge All synovial joints are freely movable. a. Acromioclavicular joint b. Glenohumeral joint c. Scapulothoracic joint d. Sternoclavicular joint; Which of the three joints associated with the knee is a plane joint that allows gliding during knee flexion? This causes inflammation and pain in the joints and surrounding tissues. b. uniaxial Rather, the scapulothoracic articulation is formed by the convex surface of the posterior thoracic. They change (increase or decrease) the angle between two bones. b. synarthroses, amphiarthroses A ball-and-socket joint is a multiaxial joint. Inflammation occurs in the joint, and the fluid that accumulates causes swelling, stiffness, impairment of joint movement, and extreme pain. c. tendon sheaths Additional structures located outside of a synovial joint serve to prevent friction between the bones of the joint and the overlying muscle tendons or skin. b. between the vertebrae Some synovial joints also have an articular disc or a meniscus, both of which can provide padding between the bones, smooth their movements, or strongly join the bones together to strengthen the joint. However, ball-and-socket joints allow for large movements, while the motions between bones at a plane joint are small. ____ bursae are found where one tendon overlies another tendon. D fibroblasts, The type of bone tissue that contains red bone marrow is: At the elbow, olecranon bursitis is inflammation of the bursa between the skin and olecranon process of the ulna. a. maximal overlap of thick and thin filaments A second pivot joint is found at the proximal radioulnar joint. During the fracture healing process, the hematoma:a.is broken down and absorbed immediately. Another example is the radiocarpal joint of the wrist, between the shallow depression at the distal end of the radius bone and the rounded scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum carpal bones. a. atrophy Muscle fibers of one muscle merge with the fibers of the other muscle. A mandible and maxilla Synarthrosis 2. A insulin A insulin c. An impulse triggers the release of acetycholine (ACh), which diffuses across the synaptic cleft to stimulate the T tubules to release calcium. D they make the skull heavier in weight, Which of these organs is NOT protected by the rib cage? At these joints, the rounded head of one bone (the ball) fits into the concave articulation (the socket) of the adjacent bone (see Figure 9.4.3f). Fibrous joints 2. A c. is the structure into which granulation tissue grows. Which of the following is a true statement? An example of a gliding movement is nodding one's head. B nasal cavities D none of these, The paranasal sinuses open into the articular cartilage These joints allow the bones to slide or rotate against each other, but the range of motion is usually slight and tightly limited by ligaments or surrounding bones. C osteoclasts c. Perimysium C both A and B Indirect joint support is provided by the muscles and their tendons that act across a joint. Which statement is true of the cells of bone? Inflammation occurs in the joint, and the fluid that accumulates causes swelling, stiffness, impairment of joint movement, and extreme pain. b. articular (joint) capsule As forces acting on a joint increase, the body will automatically increase the overall strength of contraction of the muscles crossing that joint, thus allowing the muscle and its tendon to serve as a "dynamic ligament" to resist forces and support the joint. a. hands a. prevent hyperextension of the knee d. hands and the feet. II and III only 4. Which type of synovial joint allows for the widest ranges of motion? Which are the least mobile of all synovial joints? C it anchors tendons The attack may only last a few days, but may return to the same or another joint. d. RA results in the formation of bony spurs that enlarge the bone ends, restrict joint movement, and cause pain. Uh, joints. Cartilaginous joints allow more movement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial joint. It is secreted by articular cartilage b. Flex . Watch this animation to observe hip replacement surgery (total hip arthroplasty), which can be used to alleviate the pain and loss of joint mobility associated with osteoarthritis of the hip joint. a. This is a question our experts keep getting from time to time. d. hyaline cartilage connecting the two bones of the joint, d. hyaline cartilage connecting the two bones of the joint, A joint held together by fibrocartilage would be classified as a __________ joint. d. Muscles obtain their energy by breaking down ATP; this is useful because creatine phosphate is plentiful, c. Muscles obtain their energy through aerobic respiration of glucose; this is useful because it produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration, When extending the forearm c. the shape of the articulating surfaces So here's like a shoulder, and then this is gonna be the synovial fluid in between the joint. The six types of synovial joints are pivot, hinge, condyloid, saddle, plane, and ball-and socket-joints (Figure 9.4.3). d. Complete tatanus, Most skeletal muscles remain in a state of C frontal and ethmoid d. Periosteum. The calcium binds with troponin on the actin filaments, which permits the myosin heads to latch on and muscle contraction occurs, In the disease myasthenia gravis, the body produces antibodies against receptors for acetylcholine (ACh). b. The spongy bone of flat and irregular bones contains: In the embryo, the bones that are first made of fibrous connective tissue are the bones of the: The purpose of fontanels in the fetal skull is to: Which statement is NOT true of the ephyseal discs of long bones? C \rightarrow D \\ D) The annular ligament surrounds the head of the radius. d. hinge. Gout occurs when the body makes too much uric acid or the kidneys do not properly excrete it. A. a. the radius and ulna along its length C sphenoid Adduction moves body parts the midine while abduction moves them. If a joint can exhibit flexion, extension, and abduction, then it is triaxial. b. saddle If a joint can exhibit adduction and abduction, then it is biaxial. The present experiment compared the FA alterations between the shoulder and knee joints in patients with end-stage OA or end-stage RA. c. Sutures b. synovial Which of the following are correctly paired? Which of the following is a true statement regarding gliding movements? B parts of the RNA needed for the synthesis of calcium ions b. plantar flexion C hinge/discs of cartilage D spare ribs, The manubrium of the _____ articulates with the ______. a. B adipose tissue to store energy. 2. Find and create gamified quizzes, lessons, presentations, and flashcards for students, employees, and everyone else. Which of the following correctly characterizes that joint? d. The bone moves toward the center of the body, Which is moved the least during muscle contraction? b. an inflammatory process destroys synovial fluid The compression ratio of an Otto cycle is VA/VB=8.00V_{A} / V_{B}=8.00VA/VB=8.00. D it anchors ligaments, Which statement is NOT true of synovial joints? The most numerous and versatile of all the body's joints are What is the sheet of connective tissue that encloses the joint cavity of synovial joints called? C yellow bone marrow is mostly adipose tissue b. abduction and adduction a. osteoarthritis a. RA arthritis is due to the accumulation of crystals in the joints that impair movement of the joint and cause extreme pain. The calcium binds with troponin on the actin filaments, which permits the myosin heads to latch on and muscle contraction occurs By the end of this section, you will be able to: Describe the characteristic features for synovial jointsand give examples. b. circumduction A thyroxine The main reason the hip joint is stable is because of the __________. The myosin heads then latch on to the actin filaments, pulling the Z disks together, and muscle contraction occurs, c. An impulse triggers the release of acetycholine (ACh), which diffuses across the synaptic cleft to stimulate the T tubules to release calcium. In its early stages, symptoms of osteoarthritis may be reduced by mild activity that warms up the joint, but the symptoms may worsen following exercise. Risk factors that may lead to osteoarthritis later in life include injury to a joint; jobs that involve physical labor; sports with running, twisting, or throwing actions; and being overweight. Diarthrosis A) 1 only B) 2 only True False c. between the humerus and the glenoid cavity D it is not made of osteons and is found within flat and irregular bones. They allow electrical impulses to travel deep into the cell, What are the units of contraction in a muscle called? C) The head of the humerus articulates with the acromion process. c. protraction c. symphysis They store the calcium ions necessary for muscle contraction True or False: A ball-and-socket joint is a multiaxial joint. Muscles and their tendons acting across a joint can also increase their contractile strength when needed, thus providing indirect support for the joint. It provides nutrients and lubrication for articular cartilage. d. produce a smooth surface. Other hinge joints of the body include the knee, ankle, and interphalangeal joints between the phalanges of the fingers and toes. No previous study has investigated the synovial fluid (SF) FA manifestations in these aging-related inflammatory diseases in the shoulder. a. the temporomandibular joint a. synovial inflammation and destruction of joint cartilage and bone mediated by persistent synthesis of proinflam-matory cytokines and tissue-destructive enzymes, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) (1,2). Affected joints become swollen, stiff, and painful. d. It contains lactic acid. A they contain air A synovial membrane Synovial fluid is the clear, viscid, lubricating fluid secreted by synovial membranes. Which of the following statements best describes angular movements? The actin heads propel the myosin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere; this pulls the Z disks closer together, which shortens the sarcomere and the entire muscle A slightly moveable amphiarthrosis provides for small movements while maintaining stability between adjacent bones as in the vertebral column. True or False: A person who has been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis would be suffering loss of the synovial fluids. d. flexion, Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to joint stability? I and II only 2. d. They occur only between bones with flat articular processes. C fibrous connective tissue for added strength. D 7, 3, 2, Which part of the sternum articulates with the clavicles? They change (increase or decrease) the angle between two bones. d. the number and positioning of reinforcing ligaments, b. the amount of synovial fluid in the joint cavity, Connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membrane that act as cushions in places where friction develops are called ________. The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation, Chapter 21. d. protraction. c. gouty arthritis The deepness of the glenoid strengthens the joint overall. b. Epimysium Groups of muscle fibers Saddle c. Condyloid d. Gliding d. Gliding C calcium, phosphorus, and protein B the secondary center of ossification in the distal ephysis Synovitis Synovial joints, such as the hip and knee, have a sheath of tissue known as a joint capsule that contains a synovium. Long protein bundles htat fill the sarcoplasmand store glycogen, What is the chief function of T tubules? A thyroxine b. Gomphoses Sutural joints are present between cranial bones of the skull. C the marrow cavity in the diaphysis C parts of the DNA needed for the synthesis of calcium ions T cell acti-vation and migration occur as an early consequence of RA, and these cells adopt a proinflammatory pheno-type. c. greater than normal production of serous fluid lubricates the joint and extends it b. gout A synchondrosis is a cartilaginous joint where the bones are joined by hyaline cartilage. An example of a pivot joint is the atlantoaxial joint, found between the C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) vertebrae. D they have no outlets, The three pairs of ribs that articulate indirectly with the sternum are called: The classification of a joint as bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial describes: Definition. B pivot Which of the following types of joints do NOT have a synovial cavity? a. If the statement is false, correct it so it is a true statement. B frontal d. sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses, Which joint does NOT belong with the others? The walls of the joint cavity are formed by the connective tissue of the articular capsule. Based on your knowledge of how muscle contraction occurs, what key symptoms would you expect to see and why? These joints are encapsulated by various connective tissues and aid in decreasing friction in the joint as well as providing structure, support, and stabilization to the joint. What caused this patients weakness? It consists of short, branching fibers that fit together at intercalated discs d. flexion and extention, Which of the following refers to a joint that is slightly movable? Long protein bundles htat fill the sarcoplasmand store glycogen A man and a woman are each heterozygous carriers of an autosomal recessive mutation of a disorder that is fatal in infancy. a. are extensions of periosteum A PTH and calcitonin a. Acromioclavicular joint b. Glenohumeral joint c. Scapulothoracic joint d. Sternoclavicular joint Articular cartilage. A there are two pairs of floating ribs d. deep socket of the joint and strong capsular ligaments, d. deep socket of the joint and strong capsular ligaments. a. more mobile than arm joints. The aerobic respiraton of fatty acids b. RA is a chronic, systemic, inflammatory disorder. A C PTH and GH b. are lined with dense irregular connective tissue a. Acromioclavicular joint b. Glenohumeral joint c. Scapulothoracic joint d. Sternoclavicular joint Structures that Form. A calcium- becomes part of bone matrix a. condylar d. bone ends covered with hyaline cartilage, d. bone ends covered with hyaline cartilage, Tendon sheaths ________. C liver Maggie is a 28-year-old Caucasian woman who has newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis (RA). c. Connective tissue that surrounds the muscle outside the epimysium a. The hip joint is a good example of a(n) ________ synovial joint. c. It is found in the digestive tract, blood vessels, and airways Hinge joints, such as at the elbow, knee, ankle, or interphalangeal joints between phalanx bones of the fingers and toes, allow only for bending and straightening of the joint. Ligaments allow for normal movements at a joint, but limit the range of these motions, thus preventing excessive or abnormal joint movements. The glenohumeral joint is more mobile, making it less stable. 96) Which of the following is NOT strictly a part of a synovial joint? True or False: The structural classification of joints is based on the composition of the binding material and the presence or absence of a joint cavity. Now, we have got the complete detailed . Some joints, such as the sternoclavicular joint, have an articular disc that is attached to both bones, where it provides direct support by holding the bones together. d. produce a smooth surface. c. a long band of collagen fibers that connect the hip to the knee d. rheumatoid arthritis. d. articular cartilage softens and degenerates, d. articular cartilage softens and degenerates, Which of the following correctly describes skeletal muscles? b. interphalangeal; plane A articular cartilages provide smooth surfaces c. the extracapsular ligament A good example is the elbow joint, with the articulation between the trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna. c. Synovial membrane and articular cartilage. B phosphorus- becomes part of bone matrix (b) the s sublevel? Arthritis may arise from aging, damage to the articular cartilage, autoimmune diseases, bacterial or viral infections, or unknown (probably genetic) causes. a. flexor b. feet A definitive diagnosis from joint fluid findings can be made only in two situations: crystal synovitis and septic arthritis. Gout is a form of arthritis that results from the deposition of uric acid crystals within a body joint.